Actitudes hacia la homoparentalidad: Validación psicométrica de dos escalas en una muestra de estudiantes mexicanos / Atitudes em relação à homoparentalidade: validação psicométrica de duas escalas numa amostra de estudantes mexicanos / Attitudes Towards Homoparentality: Psychometric Validation of two Scales in a Sample of Mexican Students

Introducción: La legalización del llamado matrimonio igualitario, y de la adopción de menores por parejas homosexuales, es un fenómeno reciente y que debe ser estudiado, para lo cual es necesario contar con medidas confiables que permitan dar cuenta de cómo la sociedad percibe esta nueva configuración familiar. Objetivo: Determinar las propiedades psicométricas de dos escalas: Actitudes frente a las familias Homoparentales (AFFH); y creencias acerca del ajuste de los niños de familias homoparentales (CANFH). Metodología: La AFFH, con 20 reactivos, fue diseñada para dar cuenta de las actitudes hacia las familias homoparentales. La CANFH tiene 14 reactivos organizados en las subescalas de oposición individual (OI) y oposición normativa (ON). Ambas escalas tienen afirmaciones que deben ser respondidas con opciones tipo Likert que van del 1 totalmente de acuerdo, al 5 totalmente en desacuerdo. La CANFH fue aplicada a 170 estudiantes universitarios (78 (46%) hombres, 92 (54%) mujeres. Media de edad: 18.4 DE+0.94), y la AFFH a 88 (35 (40%) hombres, 53 (60%) mujeres. Media de edad: 18.2 DE+0.84). Se determinaron las propiedades psicométricas por medio de análisis factorial y de consistencia interna. Resultados: La AFFH resultó con un α=0.91; los reactivos se organizaron en dos factores que explican 46.14% de la varianza. En el caso de la CANFH se confirmó la estructura factorial de dos subescalas explicativas de 65.49% de la varianza y con un α=0.94. Conclusiones: Los datos indican que ambas escalas poseen las propiedades psicométricas adecuadas para medir las actitudes de estudiantes mexicanos hacia las familias homoparentales y hacia los efectos que estas puedan tener en los menores adoptados...(AU)

Introduction: Same-sex marriage and adoption legalization constitute a growing and relatively new research field. Its study needs reliable and valid measures that allow to understand the society's perception about this new family order. Objective: Assess the psychometric properties of two scalesdevised to measure same-sex parenting attitudes: Attitudes toward Same-sex Families Scale (AFFH for its acronym in Spanish), and Scale on Beliefs about Children's Adjustment in Same-sex families (CANFH in Spanish). Methodology: AFFH scale is a 20-item measure designed to account for attitudes towards same-sex families. CANFH is a 14-item measure consisting of two scales, Individual Opposition (IO) and Normative Opposition (NO). Both are Likert scales with five response options (1. Strongly Agree to 5. Strongly Disagree). The CANFH was answered by 170 college students (78 (46%) males, 92 (54%) females; Average age: 18.4 SD 0.94), and the AFFH by 88 college students (35 (40%) males, 53 (60%) females, average age: 18.2 SD + 0.84). Results: AFFH items were organized into two factors that explained 46.14% of variance with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.91. CANFH items were grouped in a two factors structure that explained 65.49% of the variance (α = 0.94). Conclusions: CANFH and AFFH scales have adequate psychometric properties to measure Mexican college students' attitudes toward same-sex families and to assess the beliefs about children's adjustment in same-sex families...(AU)

Introdução: A legalização do chamado casamento do mesmo sexo e adoção de crianças por casais homossexuais, é um fenômeno recente, que deve ser estudado, para a qual é necessário ter medidas confiáveis que permitem ver como a sociedade percebe esta nova configuração familiar. Objetivo: determinar as propriedades psicométricas de duas escalas: Atitudes para com as famílias homoparentais (AFFH); e as crenças sobre o equilíbrio das crianças de famílias homoparentais. Metodologia: O AFFH, com 20 itens, foi projetado para explicar atitudes das famílias homoparentais. O CANFH tem 14 reagentes organizados em sub-escalas de oposição individual (OI) e oposição regulamentar (ON). Ambas as escalas são declarações que devem ser respondidas com opções de tipo Likert, entre 1 que significa estar de acordo e 5 que discorda totalmente (CANFH). O CANFH foi aplicado a 170 estudantes universitários (78 (46%) do sexo masculino, 92 (54%) mulheres com idade média: 18.4 + 0.94), e AFFH a 88 (35 (40%) do sexo masculino, 53 (60% ) mulheres média de idade. 18.2 + 0.84). Foram determinadas as propriedades psicométricas por meio de análise fatorial e consistência interna. Resultados: A AFFH foi α = 0.91 com reagentes foram organizados em dois fatores que explicam 46.14% da variância. No caso de a estrutura fatorial CANFH dois explicativa 65.49% da variância e um α = 0,94 subescalas foi confirmada. Conclusões: Os dados indicam que ambas as escalas têm o direito de medir as atitudes dos estudantes em relação homoparentais famílias mexicanas e para os efeitos que podem ter sobre as crianças adotadas propriedades psicométricas...(AU)

Insecticide and community interventions to control Triatoma dimidiata in localities of the State of Veracruz, Mexico

Three different interventions to control Triatoma dimidiata in the State of Veracruz were implemented: X-1 = whole dwelling spraying, X-2 = middle wall spraying, X-3 = household cleaning. Cyfluthrin was sprayed 3 times with 8 month intervals. After each spraying, insects were collected and sent to the laboratory to be recorded and to determine genus and species of the adult triatomine bugs, and nymphs were counted. Trypanosoma cruzi presence was determined. With X-1, the infestation, colonization, and natural infection indexes were reduced to 0 percent in the 3 localities, with respect to t0. With X-2, the infestation index was reduced to 10 percent at t3 in 3 localities; the colonization index was reduced to 0 percent in only 1 locality at t3, and the natural infection index was reduced to 0 percent at t3. With X-3 the 3 indexes were not effectively reduced but they decreased with respect to the baseline study. Insecticide application to the whole dwelling is a more efficient intervention than its application to only the lower half of the walls and to the cleaning of houses.

Factores de riesgo de mortalidad en el hijo de madre toxémica / Mortality Risk Factors in the Child of a Toxemic Mother

Objetivo. Determinar los factores de riesgo de mortalidad en el hijo de madre toxémica. Material y métodos. Estudio de casos y controles en hijos de toxémicas, de producto único, de 28 a 42 semanas de gestación; los casos fueron los fallecidos y los controles los sobrevivientes. Resultados. Fueron 57 casos y 114 controles. Los factores de riesgo significativos: eclampsia (RM= 4.25, IC95% 1.76-10.39, p= 0.0002), desprendimiento placentario (RM= 8.13, IC95% 2.29-31.4, p= 0.00007), anestesia general (RM= 5.32, IC95% 1.74-16.51 p= 0.0005), síndrome de dificultad respiratoria (RM= 23.68, IC95% 3.31-478 p= 0.00004), ventilación mecánica (RM= 334, IC95% 42.63-7084, p=0.000000001), hemorragia peri-intraventricular (RM= 64.57, IC95% 8.36-1361, p = 0.0000001), insuficiencia renal aguda (RM= 26.13, IC95% 5.21-177, p= 0.0000002 ) y hemorragia pulmonar (RM= 8.40, IC95% 2.71-27.11, p= 0.000006). Se detectaron como factores protectores: alta escolaridad materna (RM= 0.110, IC95% 0.01-0.66, p= 0.02), desnutrición in útero (RM= 0.39, IC95% 0.18-0.84, p= 0.008) y taquipnea transitoria del recién nacido (RM= 0.021, IC95% 0.00-0.15, p= 0.00000001 Conclusiones. Los factores de riesgo maternos fueron: eclampsia, desprendimiento placentario, anestesia general y muerte materna; en el producto: síndrome de dificultad respiratoria, ventilación mecánica y hemorragia peri-intraventricular. Es interesante el hallazgo de los factores de protección.

Objective. To determine risk factors of mortality in the infant of a toxemic mother. Material and Methods. A case-controls study, single products only, of 28-42 weeks of gestation; cases were either stillborn and neonatal deaths. Where controls were survivors. Results. There were 57 cases and 114 controls. Significant risk factors were: eclampsia (OR= 4.25, 95%CI 1.76-10.39, p =0.0002), placental detachment (OR = 8.13,95%CL 2.29-31.4, p= 0.00007), general anesthesia (OR= 5.32, 95%CI 1.74-16.51, p=0.0005), respiratory distress syndrome (OR= 23.68, 95%CI 3.31-478 p= 0.00004), mechanic ventilation (OR= 334, 95%CI 42.63-7084, p= 0.000000001), peri-intraventricular hemorrhage (OR = 64.57, 95%CI 8.36-1361, p= 0.0000001), acute renal failure (OR=2613, 95%CI 5.21-177, p=0.0000002) and pulmonary hemorrhage (OR= 8.40, 95%CL 2.71-27.11, p= 0.000006). We observed as protective factors: high maternal educational level (OR=0.110, 95%CI 0.01-0.66, p= 0.02), intrauterine malnutrition (OR= 0.39, 95%CL 0.18-0.84, p= 0.008) and transient tachypnea of the newborn (OR= 0.021, 95%CI0.00-0.15,p= 0.00000001). Conclusions. We found as maternal risk factors: eclampsia; premature placental detachment; general anesthesia, and maternal death, in the newborns they were respiratory distress syndrome, mechanical ventilation and peri-intraventricular hemorrhage. The finding of protection factorsis unteresting.

Abortion, contraceptive use, and adolescent pregnancy among first-year medical students at a major public university in Mexico City

OBJECTIVE: If properly trained, medical students could become future opinion leaders in health policy and could help the public to understand the consequences of unwanted pregnancies and of abortions. The objective of this study was to analyze the frequency of unwanted pregnancies and induced abortions that had occurred among women who were first-year medical students at a major public university in Mexico City and to compare the experiences of those women with the experiences of the general population of Mexican females aged 15 to 24. METHODS: In 1998 we administered a cross-sectional survey to all the first-year medical students at the National Autonomous University of Mexico, which is the largest university in Latin America. For this study we analyzed 549 surveys completed by female students. RESULTS: Out of the 549 women, 120 of them (22 percent) had been sexually active at some point. Among those 120 sexually active students, 100 of them (83 percent) had used a contraceptive method at some time, and 19 of the 120 (16 percent) had been pregnant. Of those 19 women who had been pregnant, 10 of them had had an illegal induced abortion (in Mexico, abortions are illegal except under a small number of extenuating circumstances). The reported abortion rate among the female medical students, 2 percent, was very low in comparison with the 11 percent rate for women of similar ages in the Mexican general population. CONCLUSIONS: The lower incidence of abortion among the female medical students indicates that when young Mexican women have access to medical information and are highly motivated to avoid unintended pregnancy and abortion, they can do so.

Enteroparasitosis en poblaciones indígenas y mestizas dela Sierra de Nayarit, México / Enteroparasitoses in indigenous and mestizo individuals from the Nayarit mountain range, Mexico

Comparamos las prevalencias de enteropa-rasitosis a partir de 420 individuos, 306 de ellos eran indígenas y 114 eran mestizos, sin dife-renciación de género, y de todos los rangos de edad, de la Sierra de Nayarit. Se hicieron seis viajes al campo a la región durante un año para recoger muestras de materia fecal, algunos individuos proporcionaron solamente una muestra y otros cinco muestras. Las muestras de materia fecal fueron diluidas en una solución de formalina al 10 por ciento en una relación 1:10, para su conservación durante su transporte a la Ciudad de México, donde se procesaron por análisis coproparasitoscópico directo teñido con solución de lugol. Nosotros encontramos 59,8 por ciento de entamoeba histolytica, 22,2 por ciento de Giardia lamblia, 22,2 por ciento de Enterobius vermicularis, 15,4 por ciento de Hymenolepis nana, 2 casos de taeniosis (0,7 por ciento), 21 casos de ascariosis (6,9 por ciento), 2 casos de estrongyloidosis (0,7 por ciento) y 7 casos de trichuriosis (2,3 por ciento) entre la población huichol. En la población mestiza, encontramos 43,9 por ciento de entamoebosis, 14,0 por ciento de giardiosis 9,6 por ciento de hymenolepiosis, 5 casos de ascariosis, 2 de taeniosis, 1 de strongyloidosis y 1 de enterobiosis. Los resultados se analizaron por la prueba del Chi-cuadrada y revelaron diferencias estadísticas significativas entre las dos poblaciones estudiadas

Factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de tumor de Wilms en la edad pediátrica / Risk factors for Wilms' tumor development in children

INTRODUCTION: Wilms' tumor (WT) is the most frequent embryonic renal neoplasia in children. OBJECTIVE: This study was carried out to investigate risk factors in the development of WT. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A design of cases and controls, proactive, of incident cases, with four controls per case. The study population of cases were children of two oncologic reference Center of the Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS) in the Mexican Federal District during 5-year period. For the control group, children were frequency matched by age and sex at with cases from the same clinic. A questionnaire, previously validated, was applied to determine risk factors in both groups. RESULTS: During the period of study, 34 cases and 136 controls were revised. Significant risk factors were: antecedent of a relative with Down syndrome (OR = 7.6, 95CI 1.4-51.1, p = 0.008), eczema (OR = 3.7, 95Cl 1.1-12, p = 0.01); having been conceived in autumn (OR = 5.4, 95CI 1.3-31.6, p = 0.007) or winter (OR = 4.9, 95Cl 1.1-29.9, p = 0.01), and beet ingestion (OR = S. 7, 95Cl 1.7-19.4, p = 0.0007). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, influence of prenatal factors are shown and we attempt to explain the etiology of WT, the important of beet ingestion, and conclusions suggest that that more epidemiologic studies are necessary to determine the chain of events that causes Wilms' tumor.

Prevalence of high blood pressure and associated coronary risk factors in an adult population of Mexico city

Background. Several studies have addressed arterial hypertension prevalence in Mexico. However, few include an anlysis of other types of hypertension and their associated risk factors. The present work describes the prevalence of high blood pressure (HBP), isolated systolic hypertension (ISH) and diastolic hypertension (DH) and their association to certain risk factors of cardiovascular disease in an adult population of Mexico City. Methods. A cross-sectional study was performed on 825 subjects age between 20 and 90 years, selected by multistage cluster sampling. HBP was diagnosed by previous history if systolic blood pressure was =140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure =90 mmHg. The measurements taken included body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, levels of insulin, glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, high and low density hipoprotein cholesterol, and lipoprotein(a). Results. Prevalence adjusted by age for HBP was 19.4 percent, for ISH, 4.7 percent, and for DH, 4.1 percent. Age had an important influence on HBP and ISH with highly significant X²t. The profile of metabolic variables was modified according to sex and type of hypertension. Thus, in DH, metabolic variables were more affected than in other types of hypertension. Conclusions. Results in HBP prevalence in the present study were lower than in other surveys performed in Mexico. It must be noted, however, that much care should be taken to choose the strategy of subject selection, since results of the prevalence of a disease depend on it to a great extent. The ISH and DH and their association to risk factor must be studied thoroughly because they constitute different clinical entities

Validación del proceso de obtención de datos para un estudio sobre trypanosomiasis americana en el estado de Morelos, México / Validation of data colection process for an american trypanosomiasis epidemiological study in the state of Morelos, México

The purpose of this paper is to show up the importance of the standardization concepts in american trypanosomiasis epidemiological studies. The consistence in the measurement of some dwelling characteristics was evaluated. A validation of the queretaro antigen for indirect hemagglutination reaction as a diagnostic test and the interobserver concordance for the serologic readings were also made. The observers were instructed in some sessions. The pretests were made in the laboratory with positive and negative sera, with sera from the studied population. Results show that the interobserver concordance after the instruction, for the dwelling variables ranged from 70 percent to 100 percent. Sensitivity of the queretaro antigen was 100 percent, specificity 55 percent, the predictive value of a positive test 55 percent, and the predictive value of a negative test 93 percent. The interobserver concordance was 47 percent. The pretest and the pilot study are very important in getting the objetives of the principal study

Consideraciones metodológicas y análisis simple de los estudios transversales / Cross sectional and symple analysis. Metodological considerations

El estudio transversal o de prevalencia es un estudio epidemiológico observacional. En este tipo de estudio se mide simultáneamente la exposición a uno o varios factores de riesgo así como a la enfermedad de interés, por lo que brinda información acerca de la frecuencia y distribución de diferentes factores de riesgo y/o daños a la salud. El indicador para cuantificar la frecuencia del daño a la salud es la prevalencia. Dado que la medición se realiza en un período único, breve y bien limitado hace que el costo de estos estudios no sea tan alto. Estas características lo convierten en un diseño ideal para la planeación de programas de salud. Se hace una descripción de las tablas de contingencia 2 x 2 y luego se relatan las medidas de frecuencia como son: la prevalencia global, en expuestos, en no expuestos y la prevalencia del factor de riesgo. Posteriormente se describen las medidas de impacto potencial y la manera de descartar la intervención del azar en los resultados mediante las pruebas de hipótesis, en este caso la ji de Mantel y Haenszel, cuyo resultado se compara con un valor derivado de la curva normal, que es 1.96 cuando se quiere una confianza en el resultado de 95 por ciento y por lo tanto una probabilidad de error de 5 por ciento. Finalmente se hace una descripción práctica de las diversas medidas tomando como modelo al asma bronquial y su relación con prematurez

Cigarette smoking; Knowledge and attitudes among Mexican physicians

Objetivo. Determinar la prevalencia del hábito de fumar entre médicos mexicanos y de algunas actitudes e información sobre cuestiones específicas relativas al tabaquismo. Material y métodos. En 1993 se realizó una encuesta entre 3568 médicos de las tres instituciones oficiales de salud más importantes de la Ciudad de México aplicando un cuestionario diseñado para la Encuesta Nacional de Adicciones (ENA 1993). Se evaluaron la prevalencia del hábito de fumar cigarrillos, la edad de inicio, la cantidad de cigarrillos que se fuman al día, así como la información y actitudes respecto al hábito de fumar. Resultados. La edad promedio fue de 37 años y 66 por ciento eran hombres. De los 3488 (98 por ciento) médicos encuestados, 26.9 por ciento eran fumadores (62 por ciento fumaban diario), 20.6 por ciento eran ex fumadores y 52.5 por ciento no eran fumadores. Hubo diferencias relacionadas con la edad y el sexo (p< 0.05). De los fumadores del diario 36 por ciento fumaban entre uno y cinco cigarrillos. Se observó una tendencia significativa entre ex fumadores en la que se asocia el tiempo que llevan sin fumar con el temor de comenzar a fumar otra vez. Los médicos estaban bien informados sobre la relación entre fumar cigarrillos y el cáncer del pulmón. Más de 80 por ciento consideraron que el tabaco es una droga adictiva; sin embargo, sólo 65 por ciento se declararon a favor de prohibir fumar en sus sitios de trabajo y más del 10 por ciento no sabían que está prohibido fumar en instituciones de salud. Conclusiones. Estos resultados difieren de otros estudios que indican que la prevalencia del hábito de fumar entre médicos es menor que en la población general. Nuestro estudio mostró mayor prevalencia del hábito de fumar ente médicas, y la cantidad de cigarrillos que se fuman al día fue mayor que la que se registra para la población en general, sin importar el sexo

Objective. To determine the prevalence of the smoking habit among Mexican physicians as well as some of their attitudes and information on specific issues concerning smoking. Material and methods. In 1993, a survey was carried out among 3 568 physicians of the three major official health care institutions in Mexico City. A questionnaire designed for The Mexican National Survey of Addictions (ENA 1993) was used. Prevalence of cigarette smoking, age of onset, number of cigarettes per day; also information and attitudes concerning smoking were assessed. Results. The mean age was 37, 66% were males. Of the 3,488 (98%) surveyed, 26.9% were smokers (62% daily), 20.6% were ex-smokers and 52.5% non-smokers. There were differences related to age and sex (p< 0.05). Of daily smokers, 36% smoked between 1 and 5 cigarettes. There was a significant trend among ex-smokers that linked the time they had ceased smoking with the fear to start smoking again. Physicians were well informed of the relationship between cigarette smoking and lung cancer. Over 80% considered tobacco an addictive drug but only 65% were in favor of banning smoking from their workplaces and over 10% were not aware that it is forbidden to smoke inside health care facilities. Conclusions. These results differ from other studies that find the prevalence of smoking among physicians lower than in the general population. Our study revealed a greater prevalence of the smoking habit among female physicians and the number of cigarettes smoked per day was greater than in the general population regardless of sex.

Hepatitis B y C en un Hospital General del Distrito Federal / Hepatitis B and C in General Hospital of the Federal District

Introducción: Diversos estudios epidemiológicos han establecido que el VHB y VHC se trasmiten por contacto directo con sangre infectada y a través de transfusiones o pinchazos con agujas. Los pacientes renales, por su manejo requerido, y el personal de salud de las áreas de diálisis y hemodiálisis tienen mayor probabilidad de inoculación accidental. Material y métodos: Es un estudio observacional, transversal, con base poblacional de pacientes renales y personal asignado al área de diálisis y hemodiálisis (n=113), atendidos y/o que laboraron durante agosto de 1992 a septiembre de 1993. Se utilizó para el diagnóstico de los casos, la técnica de ELISA para HBsAg y anti-VHC. Resultados: El tamiz entre los pacientes reportó una prevalncia de hepatitis de 29.0 por ciento; el personal de salud obtuvo una prevalancia de 9.6 por ciento. Las asociaciones de mayor riesgo fueron: padecimiento preexistente (nefritis tubulointersticial); instalación del catéter (fístula arteriovenosa intermitente (FAVI)); tiempo de evolución del padecimiento de fondo (3 a 4 años) y antigüedad laboral (1 a 4 años). Conclusiones: Los pacientes con un tiempo de evolución entre 3 y 4 años son más vulnerables debido a que mantienen un nivel de exposición a estas áreas. El personal requiere reforzar aspectos de capacitación, ya que se encontró mayor susceptibilidad entre trabajadores con menor antigüedad